VIDEO

VIDEO

Discoveries at Lake Turkana

Discoveries at Lake Turkana

Discoveries at Kenya's Lake Turkana reveal information about the history of human evolution.

Grades

6 - 12+

Subjects

Biology, Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography, Geology

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In 1995, National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Meave Leakey and her team made a very important discovery at Lake Turkana, Kenya. They found of what turned out to be an . The discovery indicates that the date of the occurrence of needed to be moved back by half a million years, to about 4.2 million years ago. This was not the first major paleoanthropologic discovery at Lake Turkana. In 1972, Bernard Ngenyeo, colleague to Richard and Meave Leakey, discovered the fossil of a , that was about 1.9 million years old. In 1984, the Leakey team found an almost-complete fossilized skeleton that was dated to about 1.5 million years ago. This was a and is famously known as "Turkana Boy."

This clip is an excerpt from the film Bones of Turkana. The film takes place in the area around ancient Lake Turkana. This area is known as a cradle of human life. There is evidence of that lived here 4.2 million years ago. This film depicts the lives of some human ancestors.

This video from Bones of Turkana focuses on significant fossil discoveries made at Lake Turkana.

The video assumes some familiarity with the theory of , the process of how organisms developed from earlier forms of life. Evolution is not a linear process, but a dynamic one. One species does not morph directly into another, but diverges from its ancestors. Evolution takes place throughout a population over a long period of time due to environmental pressures. This video sometimes uses the phrases "more advanced or less advanced" which actually don't apply to evolution. Species evolve to fit the particular environment that they are occupying at a given time, not to "advance" to a different evolutionary stage.

Transcript (English)

- [Narrator] Kenya's Lake Turkana is the largest desert lake in the world. This lake has witnessed life for over 4 million years. It was here that early humans were likely to live and likely to fossilize, providing empirical evidence of where early humans once lived. Fossils discovered at the lake stretch across different periods in history. Today, paleontologists are uncovering different types of early human fossils. Some very similar to us as modern humans, others much more primitive. By comparing the characteristics from hominid to hominid and dating them, we can track evolutionary change over time. Beginning at 4.2 million years ago, will replay time, tracking the changes in the early human ancestors that once lived through this lake. Starting our journey, we meet a primitive hominid named Australopithecus anamensis. Its discovery came under the direction of team leader Meave Leaky.

- 1995, we had a lot of bad luck with finding hominids, and so, the field crew were just beginning to wonder whether they had actually lost their knack. And then this jaw turned up and, suddenly, there was a potential there to find more fossils, more human ancestors.

- [Narrator] They called this find Australopithecus anamensis. Before anamensis, our ancestors used their arms for support walking on all fours, not two legs, but further excavation revealed additional fragments. One of these fragments held a revelation.

- [Meave] A tibia that we found. It's very, very modern looking. From the shape of the top end and the bottom end, anamensis is definitely a bi-ped, and I don't think anybody has disputed that. It's very clear.

- [Narrator] Ancient dating can often be subjective depending upon the amount of evidence that is available for analysis. A rarity for ancient finds, anamensis was very clearly dated.

- There were two volcanic ashes, and then most of the fossils come from between the two. So the date is very good and very clear. And it dates just less than 4.2 million years.

- [Narrator] Australopithecus anamensis is a milestone. The very earliest hominid yet discovered that scientists widely agree walked upfront. Traveling forward to 1.9 million years ago, we meet a new species of hominid that once lived at Turkana. Discovered in 1972 by Meave and her husband Richard's team member Bernard Ngeneo. Bernard found some small but tantalizing fossils.

- Yes, this is...

- [Narrator] The team suspected the fragments were hominid, but they were anything but conclusive.

- We had fragments of the front of the skull, fragments of the back of the skull, fragments of the side of the skull, and when you find that your sixth sense or experience tells you the whole skull was probably broken in one place.

- [Narrator] Over the weeks, they unearthed more fragments. At the end of each day, Richard flew them to camp where Meave cleaned them and pieced them together. A jigsaw puzzle like no other.

- Maybe that's definitely not an Australopithecine.

- No, chance.

- So, it's quite new.

- [Narrator] From 150 fragments, Meave assembled a revelation. They were looking at a hominid far more advanced than the Australopithecus anamensis who lived at 4.2 million years ago. These fossils dated to 1.9 million years revealing a hominid whose brain was 30% larger than that of anamensis. Richard asserted that this hominid belonged to a species called Homo habilis, or handyman. He contended that this creature was capable of making stone tools. Stone tools found in the same time period corroborate his assertion. The increased brain size likely enabled Homo habilis to fashion some of the first stone tools. Traveling just a little forward in time, in geologic terms, to 1.5 million years ago, we meet a teenage boy who looked surprisingly much like we do. This species, Homo erectus, is likely to be one of our closest ancestors.

- The initial discovery of Turkana Boy was a fragment, a small fragment of skull, that my colleague, Kamoya, picked up. A few weeks, we had enough to know that there was probably an awful lot more, and everything we were finding from individual vertebrates to individual limb bones had never been found in association with a skull and a jaw. So complete.

- [Narrator] Turkana boy is the most advanced 1.5 million year-old hominid found in Turkana. His brain size is larger than Homo habilis.

- It was an individual, a young boy. At death, probably standing about five foot three. We had all the neck vertebra, we had some of the ribs, we had an arm, we had backbone, we had pelvis, part of the the legs. Sadly, we didn't find his hands or his feet. He would've grown into an individual, maybe 5' 6". The thing about the specimen was, you could begin to look at brain size to body size. It wasn't us, but it was a big advance on what lived earlier in Africa. Perhaps a brain size of a 2-year-old child today. It wasn't fully us in terms of the body, but very like us.

- [Narrator] The 1.5 million year old Homo erectus was walking on two legs, capable of tool making, and had a very large brain, but he still wasn't fully human. It isn't until very late in this story that the first humans show up.

- Oh, the first humans are around 200,000 years old. They share with us things that have never been seen before in the entire fossil record. So our chin, the shape of our forehead, but most of all, the shape of our skulls. So we have very tall heads. So these people share with us unique things, and we believe they're in our lineage. So they lived around here, and they didn't expand or move out of Africa for some hundred thousand years when the first expansion happens. And we don't know why.

- [Narrator] With evidence of human ancestry dating from 4.2 million years ago to 100,000 years ago, this lake contains storytelling milestones of early human history. This body of water is a place where early humans were able to live and eventually fossilize over a span of nearly 4 million years, making Lake Turkana an important legacy in our global heritage.

Transcripción

- [Narrador] El lago Turkana en Kenia es el lago desértico más grande del mundo. Este lago ha sido testigo de la vida durante más de 4 millones de años. Aquí es donde probablemente vivieron los primeros humanos, y donde se fosilizaron, proporcionando evidencia empírica de su existencia. Los fósiles descubiertos en el lago abarcan diferentes períodos de la historia. Hoy en día, los paleontólogos están desenterrando distintos tipos de fósiles de humanos primitivos. Algunos son muy similares a nosotros, los humanos modernos, y otros son mucho más primitivos. Al comparar las características de un homínido con otro y datarlos, podemos rastrear los cambios evolutivos a lo largo del tiempo. Comenzando hace 4,2 millones de años, vamos a revisar el tiempo, siguiendo las transformaciones de los ancestros humanos que una vez habitaron este lago. Al iniciar nuestro recorrido, conocemos a un homínido primitivo llamado Australopithecus anamensis. Su descubrimiento fue realizado bajo la dirección de la líder del equipo, Meave Leakey.

- En 1995, tuvimos mucha mala suerte buscando homínidos, y el equipo de campo comenzaba a preguntarse si realmente habían perdido su habilidad. Entonces apareció esta mandíbula y, de repente, había la posibilidad de encontrar más fósiles, más ancestros humanos.

- [Narrador] Llamaron a este hallazgo Australopithecus anamensis. Antes de anamensis, nuestros ancestros usaban sus brazos para sostenerse mientras caminaban en cuatro patas, no en dos piernas, pero excavaciones posteriores revelaron fragmentos adicionales. Uno de estos fragmentos contenía una revelación.

- [Meave] Un húmero que encontramos. Se ve muy, muy moderno. Por la forma de la parte superior y la inferior, anamensis es definitivamente bípedo, y no creo que nadie lo haya disputado. Es muy claro.

- [Narrador] La datación antigua puede ser a menudo subjetiva, dependiendo de la cantidad de evidencia disponible para el análisis. Raro en hallazgos antiguos, anamensis fue datado de manera muy clara.

- Había dos capas de ceniza volcánica, y la mayoría de los fósiles provienen de entre esas dos capas. Así que la fecha es muy buena y muy clara. Y data de poco menos de 4,2 millones de años.

- [Narrador] Australopithecus anamensis es un hito. El homínido más antiguo descubierto hasta ahora que los científicos coinciden en que caminaba erguido. MILLONES DE AÑOS Avanzando a 1,9 millones de años atrás, conocemos una nueva especie de homínido que una vez vivió en Turkana. Descubierta en 1972 por Meave y su esposo Richard, junto con el miembro del equipo Bernard Ngeneo. Bernard encontró algunos fósiles pequeños pero intrigantes.

- Sí, esto es...

- [Narrador] El equipo sospechaba que los fragmentos eran homínidos, pero no eran concluyentes.

- Teníamos fragmentos de la parte frontal del cráneo, fragmentos de la parte posterior del cráneo, fragmentos de los lados del cráneo, y cuando encuentras eso, tu sexto sentido o experiencia te dice que el cráneo completo probablemente estaba roto en un solo lugar.

- [Narrador] A lo largo de las semanas, desenterraron más fragmentos. Al final de cada día, Richard los llevaba al campamento donde Meave los limpiaba y los ensamblaba. Un rompecabezas como ningún otro.

- Tal vez eso definitivamente no es un Australopiteco.

- No, de ninguna manera.

- Es bastante nuevo.

- [Narrador] De 150 fragmentos, Meave armó una revelación. Estaban mirando a un homínido mucho más avanzado que el Australopithecus anamensis que vivió hace 4,2 millones de años. Estos fósiles datan de 1,9 millones de años, revelando un homínido cuyo cerebro era un 30 % más grande que el de anamensis. Richard afirmó que este homínido pertenecía a una especie llamada Homo habilis, o "el hombre hábil". Sostenía que esta criatura era capaz de hacer herramientas de piedra. Las herramientas de piedra encontradas en el mismo período corroboran su afirmación. El aumento en el tamaño del cerebro probablemente permitió a Homo habilis fabricar algunas de las primeras herramientas de piedra. Avanzando un poco en el tiempo, en términos geológicos, a 1,5 millones de años atrás, conocemos a un joven que se parecía sorprendentemente a nosotros. Esta especie, Homo erectus, probablemente es uno de nuestros ancestros más cercanos.

- El descubrimiento inicial del "chico de Turkana" fue un fragmento, un pequeño fragmento de cráneo que mi colega, Kamoya, recogió. En unas semanas, tuvimos suficiente para saber que probablemente había mucho más, y todo lo que encontrábamos, desde vertebras individuales hasta huesos de extremidades, nunca había sido encontrado junto con un cráneo y una mandíbula. Estaba muy completo.

- [Narrador] El chico de Turkana es el homínido más avanzado encontrado en Turkana, que data de hace 1,5 millones de años. Su tamaño de cerebro es mayor que el de Homo habilis.

- Era un individuo, un joven. A su muerte, probablemente medía alrededor de 1,60 metros. Teníamos todas las vértebras del cuello, algunas costillas, un brazo, la columna vertebral, la pelvis y parte de las piernas. Lamentablemente, no encontramos sus manos ni sus pies. Habría crecido hasta ser un individuo de quizás 1,68 metros. Lo interesante de este espécimen era que podríamos empezar a comparar el tamaño del cerebro con el tamaño del cuerpo. No éramos nosotros, pero era un gran avance respecto a lo que vivía antes en África. Quizás el tamaño del cerebro era como el de un niño de dos años hoy. No era completamente nosotros en términos de cuerpo, pero era muy parecido a nosotros.

- [Narrador] El Homo erectus de 1,5 millones de años caminaba en dos piernas, era capaz de fabricar herramientas y tenía un cerebro muy grande, pero aún no era completamente humano. No es sino hasta muy tarde en esta historia que aparecen los primeros humanos.

- Oh, los primeros humanos tienen alrededor de 200 000 años. Comparten con nosotros características que nunca antes se habían visto en todo el registro fósil. Nuestro mentón, la forma de nuestra frente, pero sobre todo, la forma de nuestros cráneos. Tenemos cabezas muy altas. Estas personas comparten con nosotros características únicas, y creemos que están en nuestra línea de ascendencia. Vivieron por aquí, y no se expandieron ni salieron de África durante algunos cientos de miles de años, cuando ocurre la primera expansión. Y no sabemos por qué.

- [Narrador] Con evidencia de la ascendencia humana que data de hace 4,2 millones de años hasta hace 100 000 años, este lago contiene hitos narrativos de la historia temprana de los humanos. Este cuerpo de agua es un lugar donde los primeros humanos pudieron vivir y eventualmente fosilizarse a lo largo de casi 4 millones de años, convirtiendo al lago Turkana en un importante legado de nuestro patrimonio global.

Media Credits

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Writer
Hannah Herrero
Editors
National Geographic Society
Elizabeth Wolzak, National Geographic Society
Expert Reviewer
Jill Wertheim, National Geographic Society
National Geographic Explorer
Meave and Louise Leakey
Producers
J.J. Kelley
Alison Michel
other
Last Updated

May 16, 2025

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