VIDEO

VIDEO

Impact of an Invasive Species

Impact of an Invasive Species

Nile perch (Lates niloticus) were introduced to Lake Victoria in the 1950s to boost the fishing industry. Though the introduction of Nile perch resulted in an economic boom, it almost caused cichlids, a native fish, to go extinct.

Grades

5 - 12

Subjects

Biology, Ecology, Geography

Partner
Nat Geo WILD

Nile perch were introduced to Lake Victoria in the 1950s to boost the fishing industry. The introduction caused an economic boom, but also drove hundreds of species of native cichlids to near-extinction. Watch this video, from the Nat Geo WILD series “Destination Wild,” to discover the role an invasive species can play in an ecosystem and social system.

Instructional Ideas

Watch the video and use our glossary to explore the discussion questions in the Questions tab. Learn more about Nile perch with our Fast Facts, and dig deeper with links to related resources. This media spotlight aligns to Next Generation Science Standards in middle school and high school life science:

Transcript (English)

- Narrator: Lake Victoria has a surprise under her surface. Here are evolutionary wonders that were discovered as recently as the 1930s living throughout the lake at depths of 60 meters, and in shallow sandy bays on the rocky shores.

- These are the incredibly diverse cichlids. Over time, it's possible one species evolved miraculously into 500 by adapting to the ecological opportunities of this lake. The males of the species show off in bright orange while the pale females incubate the fertilized eggs in their mouths to keep them safe.

- After hatching, the fry stay there for another eight days with short forays to test the waters. As many as 100 cichlid species in the lake may be threatened, ravaged by a voracious predator, the Nile perch. The perch was introduced to Lake Victoria in the 1950s to boost the fishing industry. With no natural enemies, the perch multiplied and within 50 years wiped out 90% of the cichlids.

- When a fish intruder devours the locals of a lake the size of Ireland, it classifies as a natural catastrophe of biblical proportions. The local fishermen may take a different view.

- For them, cichlids are merely bait, but the Nile perch means cash in their hands. The shores of Lake Victoria are lined with fish processing plants that sell the perch to the world. In the 1990s, the Nile perch industry triggered a gold rush. Thousands of people settled on the shores of Lake Victoria to fish the profitable predator.

- On islands like Kimi, dense communities now line the shores. These new islanders live far from their native villages, lured by the prospect of a better life.

- These women unload dagaa, a small fish caught during the night. Dagaa are part of their diet and can be sold for fish meal and bait. But the Nile perch is what makes real money.

- The perch drove the cichlids to the brink of extinction, but they are big business. 20 years ago, 50 kilo specimens like this were common. Today, the perch population has declined dramatically due to overfishing, both in number and size.

- On the weekend, the fishermen go to the city to sell their cash. The Nile Perch is sold to processing plants, but with declines in fish stocks, many of the plants have closed. Introduced tilapia, catfish, and smaller perch are sold in local markets. The Nile perch is exported. The trade with perch brought a great windfall and created employment. Catfish and tilapia may be tasty, but they don't support the economy.

Transcripción (Español)

- [Narradora] El Lago Victoria tiene una sorpresa bajo su superficie. Aquí yacen las maravillas evolutivas que fueron descubiertas en la década de 1930 viviendo en el lago a profundidades de 60 metros y en bahías arenosas poco profundas en las costas rocosas.

- Estos son los increíblemente diversos cíclidos. Con el paso del tiempo, es posible que una especie evolucionara milagrosamente en 500 adaptándose a las oportunidades ecológicas de este lago. Los machos de la especie se muestran en un brillante color naranja mientras las hembras pálidas incuban los huevos fertilizados en sus bocas para mantenerlos a salvo. Después de la eclosión, las crías permanecen allí durante otros ocho días con breves incursiones para probar las aguas.

- Hasta 100 especies de cíclidos en el lago pueden estar amenazadas por un depredador voraz, la perca del Nilo. La perca se introdujo al Lago Victoria en la década de 1950 para impulsar la industria pesquera.

- Sin enemigos naturales, la perca se multiplicó y en 50 años exterminó al 90 % de los cíclidos. Cuando un intruso acuático devora a los habitantes de un lago del tamaño de Irlanda, se clasifica como una catástrofe natural de proporciones bíblicas. Los pescadores locales pueden pensar diferente.

- Para ellos, los cíclidos son solo cebo, pero la perca del Nilo significa dinero en sus manos. Las orillas del Lago Victoria están bordeadas con plantas de procesamiento de pescado que venden la perca al mundo. En la década de 1990, la industria de la perca del Nilo desencadenó una fiebre del oro. Miles de personas se establecieron a orillas del Lago Victoria para pescar al lucrativo depredador.

- En islas como Kimi, ahora hay grandes comunidades a lo largo de las costas. Estos nuevos isleños viven lejos de sus aldeas nativas, atraídos por la perspectiva de una vida mejor.

- Estas mujeres descargan dagaa, un pequeño pez capturado durante la noche. El dagaa es parte de su dieta y se puede vender para hacer harina de pescado y cebo. Pero la perca del Nilo genera mucho dinero.

- La perca del Nilo llevó a los cíclidos al borde de la extinción, pero son un gran negocio. Hace 20 años, eran comunes especímenes de 50 kilos como este. En la actualidad, la población de la perca del Nilo ha disminuido enormemente debido a la sobrepesca, tanto en número como en tamaño.

- Los fines de semana, los pescadores van a la ciudad para vender efectivo. La perca del Nilo se vende a las plantas procesadoras, pero con la disminución de las reservas de peces, muchas plantas han cerrado. En los mercados locales se venden tilapias, bagres y percas más pequeñas. La perca del Nilo se exporta. El comercio con la perca trajo un gran beneficio y creó empleo. El bagre y la tilapia pueden ser sabrosos, pero no apoyan la economía.

Fast Fact

Although Nile perch are not indigenous to Lake Victoria, they are native to other African lakes, including Lake Albert and Lake Turkana.

Fast Fact

The Nile perch is known by many names (language in parentheses):• dzo (Adangme)• am’kal (Arabic)• cal (Dinka)• leshie (Ewe)• giwan ruwa (Hausa)• saalen (Jula)• mputa (Luo)• sangala (Swahili)• igbo (Yoruba)• iji (Turkana)

Fast Fact

Nile perch are some of the biggest freshwater fish in the world. Only these fish are consistently larger:• taimen (indigenous to rivers of Mongolia and Russia)• bull sharks (indigenous to coastlines throughout the tropics and subtropics)• arapaima (indigenous to the Amazon River)• alligator gar (indigenous to the southeastern United States)• Mekong giant catfish (indigenous to the Mekong River in Southeast Asia)• giant freshwater stingray (indigenous to Southeast Asia)• white sturgeon (indigenous to North America)• beluga sturgeon (indigenous to the Caspian, Black, and Adriatic Seas)

Fast Fact

Female Nile perch are generally larger than males.

Fast Fact

Nile perch are carnivores. As fry (juvenile fish) they consume zooplankton, shrimp, clams, snails, and insects. As adults, they prey mostly on other fish. Nile perch can sometimes be cannibals—eating members of their own species.

Fast Fact

The wild fishery for Nile perch as been steadily decreasing since 2005. However, fishermen and women still catch more Nile perch than are harvested through aquaculture. In 2012, fishers harvested 278,675 tons of Nile perch, while 15,996 tons were harvested through “fish farms.”

Media Credits

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Writer
National Geographic Society
Editor
Melissa MacPhee, National Geographic Society
Producer
National Geographic Society
other
Last Updated

April 8, 2024

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