This lesson is part of a collection called Map Skills for Students.

Ideally, this activity will take place over five consecutive days to allow students to make their observations and identify patterns.

Preparation

• Materials You Provide: markers; yellow and white construction paper; removable tape or glue; safety scissors; compass or compass app (optional)
• Required Technology: Internet access; 1 computer per classroom; mobile data device (smartphone or tablet); projector
• Physical Space: classroom; school playground

Overview
North, east, south and west are the four cardinal directions, often marked by the initials N, E, S and W. East and west are at right angles to north and south. East is in the clockwise direction of rotation from north. West is directly opposite east. The sun’s position in the sky can be used to determine east and west if the general time of day is known. In the morning, the sun rises roughly in the east and tracks upwards. In the evening it sets roughly in the west.

The concepts of cardinal directions and Earth-sun relationships may be challenging for students, so this activity is designed to help students connect the abstract terms of north, south, east and west with their known world.

Objectives
Students will:

• describe the pattern of the location of the sun each morning and afternoon and connect this to the directions east and west
• name the cardinal directions and point toward north, south, east and west using signs in their classroom
• use north, south, east and west when describing locations of items on a map

Teaching Approach: learning-for-use

Teaching Methods: discussions; modeling; visual instruction

Skills Summary
This activity targets the following skills:

• 21st Century Student Outcomes
  • Learning and Innovation Skills: Communication and Collaboration
• Geographic Skills: Acquiring Geographic Information
• Science and Engineering Practices
  • Obtaining, evaluating and communicating information
  • Planning and carrying out investigations

Directions

1. Prepare materials for the activity.
Cut out 10 large yellow paper suns from construction paper. On white construction paper, write in large letters north, south, east and west. Put the words east and west on the east and west walls of the classroom. You can download a compass app on a smartphone or tablet to ensure correct placement of these. 

2. Find east and west by observing the sun in the morning and afternoon.
Tell students that they are going to observe where the sun is each morning and afternoon for five days. Take students outside first thing in the morning and at the end of the school day and have them observe where the sun is in the sky. While outside in the morning, as students identify the location of the sun, tell them that we call that direction east. Go into the classroom and have a student write the date and time of day on a sun cutout and put it next to where the word “east” is located.

Avoid saying that the sun is moving. It will probably appear to students that the sun is moving, not the Earth, but it is not age appropriate for students to try to conceptualize the movement of the Earth on its axis or around the sun yet. The goal is to have students understand that east is a certain direction and the sun always rises in the east in the morning.

Observe the sun again at end of the school day and ask students if it is in the same location as earlier in the morning. Identify that direction as west and have a student put the date and time of day on a sun cutout and place it next to the “west” sign.

3. Look for a pattern in the sun’s location in the morning and afternoon.
Track the sun's location in this way for five days and then ask students if they have noticed a pattern. Together write a sentence that explains what they have observed and what they would expect to see in the future.

4. Observe north and south, and label the classroom walls.
Next, ground students’ learning about north and south in the physical world with one or more of these ideas. Add the north and south labels to the classroom walls:

• Use a compass, or a compass app on a smartphone or tablet, to show north and south and reinforce east and west. Have students line up the E and W on the compass with east and west labeled on the wall. Ask them to point toward the N, and explain that this direction is north.
• In areas where there is snow, teach north and south by observing where snow melts faster: the south side of buildings (in the northern hemisphere).
• North and south can also be observed with wind patterns. Track the weather using the Weather Channel website and look for opportunities to take the students outside when north or south winds are blowing.

5. Practice using cardinal directions.
Practice the directions in the room by having students face north first, then turn at right angles and point, naming the directions “north, south, east and west” several times. You can help them remember N, S, E and W by using a phrase such as “Never Eat Sour Watermelon,” or have them create a phrase they like.

Have students use cardinal directions to talk about movement also. Play Simon Says and have them take steps in different directions.

As a final game of practice, send a volunteer to the hall and hide an item so the class sees the hiding place. Have the volunteer come back in the room, and have students one at a time guide the volunteer to the hidden item, with phrases such as “walk five steps to the north,” “walk three steps to the south,” and so on.

6. Have students apply their understanding to a map.
Discuss with students why we use special words to tell directions. Elicit from students that they help us to explain to one another where things are. Direction words also help us to read maps.

Give each student the handout Map of Joe’s Farm. Have them orient their maps by placing them on their desks so that north, south, east and west on the map match the directions labeled on the wall.

Discuss together where things are on the map of the farm. Ask: Is the pig pen closest to the north, south, east on the map? (east) One pig got away. On which side of the farm is that pig? (west) Have students write 3-4 sentences describing directions that animals and people might move on the farm. As needed, provide examples such as:

The cow walks _____ to get to the barn. (west)
The children walk _____ to the chickens. (south)
The pig walks _____ to go to the pig pen. (east)
The garden is _____ of the pigs. (north)
The _____ lives on the north side of the farm. (cow)

Have students continue to practice the directions of N, S, E, W by having them pass their papers in to the north, south, east or west. You can also have them line up on the north side of the room, the west side of the room, and so on.

Informal Assessment
Check students’ sentences with the Map of Joe’s Farm for understanding and comprehension.

Extending the Learning

• Have students watch the sun over a matter of months and note the change in its location as the days shorten and lengthen.
• Play a “Where in the classroom?” game using a stuffed animal. Move the familiar animal to a different spot in the room each day. Have students write the location of the animal using cardinal directions. Over time this could be expanded to other locations in the school or playground where N, S, E and W are labeled.
• Show students the variety of ways that maps show the cardinal directions. On local, state, or country maps, look for the compass rose or the north arrow. Help students determine which way north, south, east and west are on those maps. Place the maps flat on a surface to reinforce the true directions.

Tips & Modifications

• Be safe when looking in the direction of the sun, and make sure that students do not stare at the sun. Have them quickly point in the direction of the sun, and then move their arms down from the direction of the sun to where the sky meets land. That direction should be east.
• Instead of placing cutout suns on the wall next to “east” and “west,” have students build a model of the outside area of their school. Label it with N, S, E, W and then each day place a sun in the morning and afternoon as noted above. You can use an image of the wind for north and south.
• Observing the movement of light from classroom windows is another way to look for east and west.

Connections to National Standards, Principles, and Practices

National Council for Social Studies Curriculum Standards

• Theme 9: Global Connections

National Geography Standards

• Standard 1: How to use maps and other geographic representations, geospatial technologies, and spatial thinking to understand and communicate information

National Science Education Standards

• (K-4) Standard A-1: Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
• (K-4) Standard D-3: Changes in earth and sky

Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy

• Reading Standards for Informational Text K-5: Key Ideas and Details, RI.1.1
• Reading Standards for Informational Text K-5: Key Ideas and Details, RI.2.1

Books

• Leedy, Loreen. Mapping Penny’s World. New York: Square Fish, 2000.

Special thanks to Vannessa Prieto, Monica Fernandez, Rosa Fernandez, and the students at Play and Learn Pre-school, Miami, Florida

Adapted from National Geographic's Map Essentials: A Comprehensive Map Skills Program