ARTICLE

ARTICLE

Tsunamis 101

Tsunamis 101

Find out how a tsunami is born ... and how it destroys.

Grades

5 - 12+

Subjects

Earth Science, Geology, Oceanography, Physics



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In Japanese, means "harbor wave." Tsunamis are ocean waves triggered by an , volcano, or other movement of the ocean floor. Potentially imperceptible in deep water, a tsunami increases in height as it encounters the shallow waters of shore, often leading to extensive wreckage and loss.

Transcript (English)

- [Narrator] The warnings are few. The signs are sudden. The tide goes into reverse. A thunderous roar fills the air, and then... It strikes. And when it is over, nothing is left. A tsunami. The word in Japanese means harbor wave. Japan has been hit by many tsunamis in its history, as a result of its location. It lies across the edges of four tectonic plates where most earthquakes, the principle cause of tsunamis, are born. When two tectonic plates push together, the resulting earthquake sends an enormous burst of energy up through the ocean, displacing enormous quantities of water. A series of waves expands in all directions. In deep water, these waves travel fast, up to 500 miles an hour, but only reach a height of a few feet. A passing ship might not even notice, but as the waves enter shallow waters, friction with the ocean floor lowers the wave speed and raises their height. Until at landfall they can engulf a 10 story building.

- [Man] Get in! Get in! Get in!

- [Narrator] Unlike ordinary waves, a tsunami wave doesn't crest and break. Instead, it advances like a wall of water that crashes over the coastline and everything in its way, reaching even as far as a mile inland. More damage is caused when the wave recedes, dragging everything in it back underwater. And most tsunamis have multiple waves each arriving anywhere from 10 to 60 minutes after the first strike. Just when survivors think the danger is over. The deadliest tsunami ever recorded occurred in December of 2004. An earthquake off the coast of Indonesia triggered a tsunami that surged across the Indian ocean and reached as far as the coast of Africa. Whole sections of cities were destroyed. More than 200,000 people died. Most had no way of being warned. 5,000 miles away, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu is on call 24 hours a day to prevent a similar tragedy from happening in the United States. Scientists monitor tremors and quakes from around the globe. If a quake big enough to cause a tsunami occurs, it is their job to alert the coastlines in the tsunami's path. The advice is simple; move to higher ground, wait for news that the tsunami has passed, and be ready to deal with the ruins left in its wake.

Transcripción (Español)

- [Narrador] Las advertencias son pocas. Las señales son repentinas. La marea se invierte. Un rugido atronador llena el aire, y luego... Golpea. Y cuando termina, no queda nada. Un tsunami. La palabra en japonés significa: ola de puerto. Japón ha sido golpeado por muchos tsunamis en su historia, como resultado de su ubicación. Se encuentra en los bordes de cuatro placas tectónicas donde la mayoría de los terremotos, la causa principal de los tsunamis, nacen. Cuando dos placas tectónicas se empujan entre sí, el terremoto resultante envía una enorme ráfaga de energía a través del océano, desplazando enormes cantidades de agua. Una serie de olas se expande en todas direcciones. En aguas profundas, estas olas viajan rápido, hasta 500 millas por hora, pero solo alcanzan una altura de unos pocos pies. Un barco que pasa podría ni siquiera notarlo, pero cuando las olas entran en aguas poco profundas, la fricción con el fondo del océano reduce la velocidad de la ola y aumenta su altura. Hasta que al llegar a tierra pueden engullir un edificio de 10 pisos.

- [Hombre] ¡Entra! ¡Entra! ¡Entra!

- [Narrador] A diferencia de las olas ordinarias, una ola de tsunami no se eleva y rompe. En cambio, avanza como un muro de agua que se estrella sobre la costa y todo lo que encuentra a su paso, llegando incluso hasta una milla tierra adentro. Se causa más daño cuando la ola retrocede, arrastrando todo de vuelta bajo el agua. Y la mayoría de los tsunamis tienen múltiples olas, cada una llegando entre 10 y 60 minutos después del primer impacto. Justo cuando los sobrevivientes piensan que el peligro ha pasado. El tsunami más mortal jamás registrado ocurrió en diciembre de 2004. Un terremoto frente a la costa de Indonesia desencadenó un tsunami que se extendió por el océano Índico y llegó hasta la costa de África. Secciones enteras de ciudades fueron destruidas. Más de 200,000 personas murieron. La mayoría no tenía forma de ser advertida. A 5,000 millas de distancia, el Centro de Alerta de Tsunamis del Pacífico en Honolulu, está disponible las 24 horas del día para prevenir que una tragedia similar ocurra en Estados Unidos. Los científicos monitorean temblores y terremotos alrededor del mundo. Si ocurre un terremoto lo suficientemente grande como para causar un tsunami, es su trabajo alertar a las costas en el camino del tsunami. El consejo es simple; moverse a terrenos más altos, esperar noticias de que el tsunami ha pasado, y estar listo para lidiar con las ruinas que deja a su paso.

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Editor
National Geographic Society
Producers
National Geographic Society
Nina Page, National Geographic Society, National Geographic Society
other
Last Updated

May 22, 2025

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